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Incantation: Mnemos.
Effect: Implants a false memory or alters an existing memory.
Variability: Competent casters will typically be able to alter a few minutes, perhaps an hour at most, and will find it difficult to convincingly alter a memory concerning something of great important to the target, but these are soft limits that don't fail outright so much as fail to hold up under examination. Careful memory-crafting takes time (typically one minute of preparation per minute of memory) but Obliviators and others who intended to use the spell on a frequent basis will create "templets" that require only a little personalization.
Miscasting: More interesting failures are also possible: impairing the target's memory (or their ability to form new memories) outright, twisting the implanted memory into unintended memories, etc. This is one of the reasons that students aren't simply given false memories of instruction.
Other information: The False Memory Charm is reversible. Not to be confused with the Memory Charm, which erases memories, though both are equally important tools for an Obliviator.
Source(s): Canon, with elaboration from Hogwarts is Here.
Incantation: Perfusorius.
Effect: Makes the target as light as a feather.
Source(s): Canon, with an incantation from Witchcraft & Wizardry.
See Entrail-Extracting Curse.
Incantation: Unknown.
Effect: Conceals a piece of information (hereafter, a “secret”) in a single soul, called the “Secret Keeper.” The secret is imperceptible to anyone who has not been told the secret, which must be divulged voluntarily, not through Legilimency, Veritaserum, or any curse.
Variability: It's often wondered why James or Lily didn't keep their own secret, when Bill was Secret Keeper for Shell Cottage. Perhaps Bill simply wasn't protected and someone might have been able to find him if they looked hard enough, and Peter was likewise still vulnerable whenever he visited James and Lily, but it may also be that the betrayal of the Potters made evident a terrible flaw in the Fidelius Charm and that someone (or more) worked to improve the charm in the time between their deaths and Dumbledore's death.
Other information: When the Secret Keeper dies, everyone who was given the secret becomes a new Secret Keeper, but if no one else was told then the secret is lost forever. Presumably, the casting of the Fidelius Charm cannot remove the secret from minds which already hold it. Because the secret is concealed within the soul of the Secret Keeper, Horcruxes will probably interfere with the normal functioning of this spell (the obvious interaction would be that people with broken souls can't be Secret Keepers, but it could just as easily be the case that an individual Horcrux can be the Secret Keeper). In Deathly Hallows, we learn that the Fidelius Charm can be broken without the protected individuals knowing it, and that it is impossible to Disapparate away from the place protected by it.
There has been a lot of fannish speculation about why the Potters weren't protected by any other method, why they didn't require Pettigrew to swear an Unbreakable Vow, etc., and the most interesting (to me) explanation is that the Fidelius Charm requires complete trust: other enchantments will interfere with the Fidelius Charm, even if their sole purpose is to trigger an alert in the event that the Fidelius Charm fails, and the Secret Keeper cannot be compelled to keep the secret any more than they can be compelled to give it up. In fact, if the people protected by the secret hold even an ounce of mistrust for the Secret Keeper, then the charm cannot hold.
Source(s): Canon, with heavy speculation.
Incantation: Ignis Deo.
Effect: Creates a flame that seeks out living targets of its own accord and cannot be extinguished by normal or enchanted water.
Other information: Very difficult to control and may consume the caster. Will take the shape or shapes of fiery beasts. Can destroy horcruxes.
Source(s): Canon, with original incantation.
Incantation: Digitus Macello, meaning “finger butcher.”
Effect: Severs the target’s fingers from their hand.
Source(s): Canon, with original incantation.
Incantation: Unknown.
Effect: Snaps the target's fingerbones and (consequently) bending the target's fingers at terrible angles.
Other information: Can also affect other thin or weak bones.
Source(s): Original.
See General Counter-Spell.
Incantation: Incendio. Taught in: 1st year Herbology, 2nd year DADA. Reviewed in 5th year.
Effect: Conjures a jet of red and orange fire from the end of the caster's wand.
Source(s): Canon.
Incantation: Flagella Flammum, means “whip flames.”
Effect: Conjures a long, thin flame from the tip of the caster's wand.
Variability: The fire's heat can be modulated, and it is possible to produce a fire more akin to Blue Bell Flames than normal fire.
Other information: The fire is semi-tangible, and can be used to ensnare or trip.
Source(s): Canon, with an original incantation, and some elaboration from Witchcraft & Wizardry.
Incantation: Ignatus Lumina.
Effect: Conjures multi-colored fireworks from the end of the caster's wand.
Other information: Harmless, but the bright and noisy display can be frightening.
Source(s): Prince of the Dark Kingdom, by Mizuni-sama (ch. link).
See Fire Rope Charm
See Flame Writing Charm.
Incantation: Calor Vade.
Effect: Protects the target from the effects of fire, which thereafter imparts a pleasant sensation (details vary).
Variability: The flames may feel cold, room temperature, mildly warm, etc.
Other information: Does not work on dead flesh, which no known spell can prevent from burning.
Source(s): Canon, with an incantation and some elaboration from Hogwarts is Here.
Incantation: Flagrate. Taught in: 3rd year Charms.
Effect: Conjures a burning trail in the air or on a surface.
Variability: The caster may write or draw with this fire, shaping and directing it with their wand.
Other information: The flames created by this spell are warm but will not burn.
Source(s): Witchcraft & Wizardry.
Incantation: Colovaria Revolvere.
Effect: The target object cycles through two or more chosen colors.
Variability: With precision, it is possible to make the colors fade into one another and to control the duration, pattern, and speed of the changes. Colors that are more similar to each other can be harder to maintain with consistency.
Source(s): Canon, with a name and some elaboration from Hogwarts is Here.
See Knock-Back Jinx.
Incantation: Fluito.
Effect: Control vertical and horizontal movement.
Other information: Can be used on humans but not on oneself. Harder to maintain when multiple objects are being levitated.
Source(s): Hogwarts is Here.
See Bouquet Spell.
See Floating Charm.
Incantation: Oppupanawe.
Effect: Permits the target (which cannot be a human) to fly.
Other information: Brooms are generally enchanted with this spell (or a variation thereof).
Source(s): Canon, with incantation from Witchcraft & Wizardry, and some elaboration.
Incantation: Nebulus. Light: Gray.
Effect: Conjures fog from the tip of the caster's wand.
Source(s): Canon.
Incantation: Silano.
Effect: Gathers water from around the wand (which must be submerged or otherwise in contact with the wand) and propels it into the air.
Source(s): Hogwarts is Here.
Incantation: Point Me. Light: None.
Effect: Causes the caster's wand to point north.
Other information: It is a common fanonical misconception that the incantation "Point Me" can direct the caster to a particular place or thing.
Source(s): Canon.
See Shield-Breaking Charm
Incantation: Glacius. Wand movement: Unknown. Light: Blue.
Conjures cold air that freezes what it touches. Extinguishes fires. Can merely cool things down, if performed in/correctly.
Source(s): Canon.
Incantation: Immobulus. Wand movement: Unknown.
Immobilizes living targets. Can also disable muggle burglar alarms, so it’s probably some kind of stasis charm.
Invented around the same time as the other Freezing Charm and requires as much skill to learn, much to the consternation of many, many students who found it more difficult to keep the two spells straight than to cast either one of them.
Source(s): Canon, with some speculation, some elaboration.
See Bluebell Flames Charm
A.K.A. Body Freezing Spell.
Incantation: Petrificus Totalus. Wand movement: Unknown. Light: White. Taught in: 3rd Year Charms.
Effect: Temporarily completely immobilizes the target's limbs (but not e.g. the eyes).
Other information: The target can still hear and see.
Source(s): Canon.
Incantation: Petrificus Removere.
Effect: Counters the Full Body-Bind Curse, and related spells.
Source(s): Hogwarts is Here.
See Smokescreen Charm.
See Pimple Jinx.
Incantation: Unknown. Wand movement: Unknown.
Covers the target with fur.
Source(s): Canon.